Learn & Grow

  Unit 1: Parliamentary Government ### **1.1 Westminster Model** The Westminster model is a democratic parliamentary system of governance that originated in the United Kingdom and has been adopted by many countries, including India. It is characterized by the following features: - **Supremacy of Parliament**: The Parliament is the supreme legislative body, and no other institution can override its decisions. - **Fusion of Powers**: Unlike the presidential system, where the executive and legislature are separate, the Westminster model combines these branches. The executive (Prime Minister and Council of Ministers) is drawn from the legislature. - **Role of the Opposition**: The opposition plays a crucial role in holding the government accountable and ensuring a balance of power. - **Collective Responsibility**: The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the legislature. If the government loses the confidence of the House, the entire Council must resign. In India, the We...

 WORK IN PROGRESS EXTRA READ Watch this video from 32mins :  https://www.youtube.com/live/f0hbQZYS0HI Indian under British law :  https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=fEVgKYJr3f-I9oj4&v=J7Q8cXcwDuA&feature=youtu.be  Unit 1 Video :  https://youtu.be/ndKMjrbOUOE   As of 2024, India has  28 states  and 8 Union Territories:  Nature of Constitution (SSRD) - Sovereign : India is independent and free to make its own decisions without external interference. Secular : The State treats all religions equally and does not favor or discriminate against any faith. Republic : The head of state (President) is elected, not a hereditary monarch. (No raja, Only election) Democratic : Power rests with the people, who elect their representatives through free and fair elections. Objective of Constitution Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.  (J-L-E-F) 1. Justice Concept : Ensures fairness in all aspects of governance. Types : Social Justice : No...

LAW of TORT UNIT 1: General Principles of Tort 1.1 Evolution of law of torts 1.2 Definition, Nature and Scope of Tort 1.3 Tort distinguished from Crime, breach of contract and breach of trust 1.4 Essentials elements of tort Capacity to sue and be sued Unit 2 :  WORK IN PROGRESS Notes for UNIT 1: General Principles of Tort 1.1 Evolution of Law of Torts The law of torts has evolved primarily from English common law and has been shaped by judicial decisions over time. Unlike codified laws, it is a system of principles that rely on precedents. Key Stages of Evolution: Ancient Foundations: The concept of restitution (paying for harm) was evident in Roman law. Early English law relied on writs (formal written orders) to address grievances. Medieval England: Courts introduced the Action of Trespass , which protected individual rights to property and person. The development of the writ system evolved into modern tort law. Modern Developments: By the 19th century, com...